Frequency of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the noses of Malaysian chicken farmers and their chicken

The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA] carriage among poultry and poultry farmers in Malaysia is largely unknown. In the current investigation, chickens and chicken farmers from 30 chicken farms were screened for MRSA and S. aureus carriage. The genetic characteristics of the isolates were determined through multi locus sequence typing [MLST], Staphylococcus protein A [spa] typing and virulent gene profiling. The outcome of the study showed lack of MRSA and extremely low S. aureus prevalence [n=7 of 503, 1.4%] among chicken flocks and the poultry farmers in Malaysia. Staphylococcus aureus isolates belonged to 4 sequence types [ST]: ST97 [spa type t359], ST1179 [t359], ST 692 [t2247] and ST188 [t189]. It can be concluded that MRSA/MSSA prevalence is very low among chicken and chicken farmers, human and chicken cross transmission of S. aureus does not seem to be a threat in Malaysia

[Efficacy of RT-PCR for the detection of E. coli in drinking water]

Escherichia coli [E. coli] is an indicator of potential human fecal contamination. Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] as an ideal detection method for detecting E. coli has some advantages like rapidity, high sensitivity and accuracy, easy performance, ability to run in high numbers and inexpensiveness. On the other hand, the disadvantage of PCR is possibility of its false positive results. In this study, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] method was used to overcome the problem, and the results were compared to most probable number [MPN]. 16srRNA forward [SF] and 16srRNA reverse [SR] primers were designed using E. coli 16srRNA sequence. After preparing different diluted samples of E. coli in distilled water, the bacteria were separated by FHLP and HAWP filters and its 16srRNA was propagated using mentioned primers. To confirm the sensitivity of the RTPCR method compared to MPN one, samples obtained from 15 water sources in Arak city were examined. The number of bacteria in dilutions were confirmed with culture. RT-PCR data showed that FHLP compared to HAWP filters have a higher capability in separating of bacteria in different dilutions. Also there was a higher sensitivity of RT-PCR compared to RT-PCR and MPN. RT-PCR can detect the bacteria in lower dilutions of bacterial suspension. Hydrophobic filters [e.g. FHLP] compared to hydrophilic filters [e.g. HAWP] have higher capability in separating bacteria. To detect all coliform bacteria RT-PCR amplifications achieved by cells concentrated with hydrophobic filters are recommended

[Effect of progesterone administration in newborns rats on Morris water maze learning susceptibility after adolescence]

Although the roles of steroid hormones in the activation and maintenance of reproductive function are proved well, emerging evidence indicated that these steroids influence on performance of learning and memory. These effects are complex and vary with task, gender, and age, as well as the regimens of steroid exposure. This study was carried out in order to assess the role of progesterone administration in newborns rats on Morris water maze learning ability after adolescence. This experimental study was carried out on 36 newborns Wistar rats. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups; female progesterone, male progesterone, female sesamoide, male sesamoid rats and male and female control rats. Progesterone groups were treated with a single injection of progesterone [100 mg/kg] and sesamoid groups were received the same volume of sesamoid oil as the progesterone vehicle in day 1 or 2 after birth, 60 days later, spatial memory ability was determined in Morris water maze. The results of this study show that water maze learning can enhance by administration of sesamoid oil in newborn female pups in compared to progesterone and control groups [p<0.05]. In addition, adding progesterone to sesame oil reduce water maze learning to control level. The hypothesis that progesterone impaired spatial reference memory in female rats was supported by this experiment

Improvement of PCR in detection of coliform in water pollution

In molecular diagnosis of microbial agent, purification of chromosome is very important step. In this study, after cell destruction, DNA replication was done by increasing the denaturation time, without DNA purification. In this experimental study eight different dilution of E.coli [8/100, 4/100, 2/100, 1/100, 1/200, 1/400, 1/800 and 1/1600] solution were madce in D.W, Bacteria were separated by filtration. Polymerase chain reaction method was used to propagate 162 rRNA gene by design primers without DNA Purification. In order to confirme sensitivity of PCR, contamination of 15 different sources of Arak well water wafer was compared by MPN method. For confirmed sensitivity of PCR, 15 sources of water in Arak were examined and compared with MPN method. Present of bacteria in diution soution were confirmed by culture. Polymerale Chain reaction [PCR] data were shown this method is able to recognize bacteria in above dilutions after filtration. This study showed high sensitivity of PCR method in compare to MPN method. Results were shown without stages of extraction of DNA, PCR were done without losing chromosome. Therefore false negative results were decrease and avoided from difficult phases

[ investigation of relation between learning and sensitivity to chemical kindeling with Pentylenetetrazole in male rats]

Epilepsy is one of the most common afflictions of human. The amygdala is one of the most sensitive epilepsy induction areas. This area has been the focus of interest, in large part due to its role in fear conditioning. It seems that any abnormality in the neuronal network in amygdala can increase the susceptibility of animal to seizure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between avoidance learning and kindeling susceptibility in rats.In an experimental study, 20 Wistar male rats were trained for two way active avoidance learning in the shuttle box, and on the basis of escape response were divided into fast and slow learning animals. The rats were administered Pentylenetetrazole for induction of kindeling. Then seizure stages were noted. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey's test.Results of the present study demonstrated that slow learning animals comparing to fast learnings were more prone to kindeling and there was a significant difference in the seizure stage and stage 2 latency in the two groups.On the basis of the present data it is possible to predict the predisposing of male rats to kindeling from the rate of fear conditioning that indicates the abnormality in amygdala neuronal circuits